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Amphetamine and methamphetamine are both pharmaceutical drugs used to treat a variety of conditions, and recreational drugs which are colloquially known as "speed."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Amphetamines (speed): what are the effects? )〕 Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine.〔Lazăr Edeleano: ''(Über einige Derivate der Phenylmethacrylsäure und der Phenylisobuttersäure. )'' In: Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin; 20. Jg. (1887), Band 3, S. 616–622. 〕 Shortly after, methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by Japanese chemist Nagai Nagayoshi. Neither drug had a pharmacological use until 1934, when Smith, Kline and French began selling amphetamine as an inhaler under the trade name Benzedrine as a decongestant. During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects.〔〔 Eventually, as the addictive properties of the drugs became known, governments began to place strict controls on the sale of the drugs.〔 For example, during the early 1970s in the United States, amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Despite strict government controls, both amphetamine and methamphetamine have still been used legally or illicitly by individuals from a variety of backgrounds for different purposes.〔 Due to the large underground market for these drugs, they are frequently illegally synthesized by clandestine chemists, trafficked, and sold on the black market.〔 Based upon drug and drug precursor seizures, illicit amphetamine production and trafficking is much less prevalent than that of methamphetamine. ==History of amphetamine and methamphetamine== Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it ''phenylisopropylamine''.〔 It was one of a series of compounds related to the plant derivative ephedrine, which had been isolated from the plant Ma-Huang (Ephedra) that same year by Nagayoshi Nagai. Shortly after the first synthesis of amphetamine, Nagai synthesized methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Historical overview of methamphetamine )〕 In 1919, methamphetamine hydrochloride, also known as ''crystal meth'', was synthesized by pharmacologist Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine.〔 The sympathomimetic properties of amphetamine were unknown until 1927, when pioneer psychopharmacologist Gordon Alles independently resynthesized it and tested it on himself while searching for an artificial replacement for ephedrine.〔〔 In 1934 Smith, Kline and French made the first amphetamine pharmaceutical when they began selling a decongestant inhaler containing the volatile amphetamine free base under the trade name Benzedrine. One of the first attempts at using amphetamine in a scientific study was done by M. Nathanson, a Los Angeles physician, in 1935.〔 He studied the subjective effects of amphetamine in 55 hospital workers who were each given 20 mg of Benzedrine.〔 The two most commonly reported drug effects were "a sense of well being and a feeling of exhilaration" and "lessened fatigue in reaction to work". During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects.〔 In the 1950s, there was a rise in the legal prescription of methamphetamine to the American public.〔 Methamphetamine constituted half of the amphetamine salts for the original formulation for the diet drug Obetrol.〔 Methamphetamine was also marketed for sinus inflammation or for non-medicinal purposes as "pep pills" or "bennies".〔 Also in the 1950s, the Japanese Ministry of Health banned stimulant production, although drug companies continued to produce stimulants that wound up on the black market. From 1951 to 1954, a series of acts were passed by the Japanese government to try to stop production and sale of stimulants;〔 however, the production and sale of stimulant drugs continued through criminal syndicates such as Yakuza criminal organizations.〔 On the streets, it is also known as S, Shabu, and Speed, in addition to its old trademarked name.〔 The United States in the 1960s saw the start of significant use of clandestinely manufactured methamphetamine, most of which was produced by motorcycle gangs.〔 After decades of reported abuse, in 1965 the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) banned Benzedrine inhalers, and limited amphetamine to prescription use, but non-medical use remained common.〔〔 Amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance in the USA under the Controlled Substances Act in 1971.〔 That same year, the United Nations enacted the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance, a highly restrictive category under the treaty. By the 1990s, roughly 180 state parties were signatories to the treaty and consequently, it became heavily regulated in most countries.〔 Beginning in the 1990s in the United States, the production of methamphetamine in users' own homes for personal use became popular as well.〔 In 1997 and 1998, researchers at Texas A&M University claimed to have found amphetamine and methamphetamine in the foliage of two Acacia species native to Texas, ''A. berlandieri'' and ''A. rigidula''. Previously, both of these compounds had been thought to be purely synthetic.〔〔〔 These findings have never been duplicated and consequently the validity of the report has come into question. Substituted amphetamine use has historically been especially common among Major League Baseball players and is usually known by the slang term "greenies". In 2006, the MLB banned the use of amphetamine. The ban is enforced through periodic drug-testing. However, the MLB has received some criticism because the consequences for amphetamine use are dramatically less severe than for anabolic steroid use, with the first offense bringing only a warning and further testing.〔 〕 Methamphetamine was formerly in widespread use by truck drivers to combat symptoms of somnolence and to increase their concentration during driving, especially in the decades prior to the signing by former president Ronald Reagan of Executive Order 12564, which initiated mandatory random drug testing of all truck drivers and employees of other DOT-regulated industries. Up to a quarter of college students use Adderall to help them focus on their studies instead of its intended purpose of helping people with ADHD. This use sometimes continues after the student graduates college due to its addictive properties. As of 2015, amphetamines, especially Adderall, were increasingly being used by young white-collar workers who work long hours at demanding work. Many felt drug use was necessary to perform adequately. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History and culture of substituted amphetamines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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